Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "Let's first create a project called tutorial."

A block of code is set as follows:

#import packages into the project 
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 
from urllib.request import urlopen 
import pandas as pd

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

mkdir tutorial
cd tutorial
scrapy startproject tutorial

New terms and important words are shown in bold.

Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "On a forum, usually the depth of pages is between three and five due to the standard structure such as Topics | Conversations | Threads, which means the spider usually has to travel three to five levels of depth to actually reach the conversational data."