- 中国城市住房可支付指数研究
- 况伟大
- 4217字
- 2025-02-28 19:44:18
二 文献综述
住房可支付问题长期存在,早期文献重点研究住房可支付指标及其优化,后来文献研究住房可支付问题成因。
最早文献研究住房可支付测度,准确测度住房可支付性非常困难和颇有争议,如表1-1所示。
表1-1 五种住房可支付指标比较
续表
住房可支付指标包括收入指标(Percentage of Income Measure)、居住贫困指标(Shelter Poverty)、质量指标(Quality Based Measure)、供给量指标(Measures of the Supply of Housing Affordability Units)和住房可支付性不匹配指标(Housing Affordability Mismatch)五类。其中,收入指标和居住贫困指标是需求指标,质量指标和供给量指标是供给指标,住房可支付性不匹配指标是供求结合指标。收入指标是指中间收入者(Median Income Household)住房支出与收入之比,是住房可支付最常用指标。《美国联邦住房可支付法案》(The Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act)规定可支付房租不能超过可调整收入的30%。[5]美国抵押贷款发放标准与30%住房可支付指标基本一致,月供不能超过月收入的29%。但是,收入指标边界值由实务部门提出,不仅缺乏理论基础,而且为静态指标,无法反映家庭偏好、收入、住房质量和支出的动态变化。为克服均值和中间值住房可支付指标缺陷,Fisher et al.使用随机效应特征价格模型(random-effects hedonic price equation)和2005—2006年波士顿141个镇住房交易数据,基于区位宜人条件(location-based amenities)构建波士顿镇级区位住房可支付指数(area affordability)。[6]为反映居民偏好,Ben-Shahar et al.首先根据家庭人口结构、地理位置和年份对家庭进行分组(cohort),然后使用特征价格模型和1998—2015年以色列微观数据估计不同分组家庭房价,最后构建消费调整的住房可支付指数(consumption-adjusted housing affordability measure),发现以色列少数民族和无特权家庭的住房可支付及其不平等程度(housing affordability inequality)恶化。[7]Li et al.将50%作为住房支付困难指标,使用中国2014—2018年275个城市面板数据以及2015年某主要城市微观数据,发现只有明星城市存在严重住房支付困难。[8]居住贫困指标是指住房成本超过家庭收入可用于住房支出最大值。[9]住房支出随家庭收入、规模和类型不同,无法确定基本消费品种类和数量,居住贫困指标很难确定非住房支出最小值,一种改进方法是对最新一揽子非住房必需品进行测度。[10]此外,过度消费家庭和真正住房贫困家庭也应区分开。[11]质量指标是指特定比例家庭收入是否大于特定住房质量的住房成本。[12]该指标缺陷在于:一是满足特定质量的住房能否满足低收入者需求,二是家庭收入为暂时收入而非持久收入,三是住房质量数据难获取。供给量指标是指特定房租水平的住房空置率或不同房租水平的可支付住房数量。[13]供给量指标缺陷有两方面:一是未考虑区位和社区特征,二是仍将收入的30%作为住房可支付标准。住房可支付不匹配指标是指特定收入组家庭可支付住房数量与家庭数量之比。[14]尽管住房可支付不匹配指标将供求结合,但仍将30%作为住房可支付指标。Gan and Hill将住房可支付划分为购买可支付性(purchase affordability)、还贷可支付性(repayment affordability)和收入可支付性(income affordability)三类,使用1996—2006年澳大利亚悉尼和1999—2006年美国休斯敦收入和房价实证数据,发现悉尼的收入和还贷可支付性下降,但购买可支付性保持稳定。[15]Backman and Lutz对2009—2016年丹麦个人住房贷款数据实证发现,只有利息抵押贷款(interest-only mortgages)有助于缓解融资约束和高房价地区借款人住房支付困难。[16]Eriksen and Lang对美国低收入者住房税收优惠项目[The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit(LIHTC)program]实证发现,“人头补贴”(tenant-based subsidies)较“砖头补贴”(place-based subsidies)更有效。[17]Braakmann and McDonald对2009年1月至2013年12月英国住房交易数据实证发现,减少租房补贴(cuts to rental subsidies)会减少住房需求和降低房价,但提高住房房租补贴会产生住房可支付问题。[18]
最近文献考察住房可支付决定因素。Stutz and Kartman认为住房可支付决定因素包括气候、人均收入以及土地和房地产调控政策,建议放松管制和取消财产税。[19]Quigley and Raphael发现房租上涨加剧贫困和接近贫困家庭负担,现有土地制度导致住房供给减少和住房价格上升。[20]Skaburskis对1991年和1996年加拿大人口普查数据实证发现,就业率和家庭收入是住房贫困的重要因素。[21]Guest对澳大利亚首次买房家庭住房可支付调查发现,住房可支付政策对住房需求和房价影响很小。[22]Wood and Stoakers对1981—2001年澳大利亚维多利亚城数据实证发现,家庭特别是低收入家庭住房可支付在长期更强。[23]Norris and Shiels发现,高房价未导致爱尔兰住房支付困难,但使首次购房者购房更困难。[24]张清勇使用固定住房面积对1999—2005年中国省级房价收入比(PIR)测算发现,4个省的PIR小于4,25个省的PIR介于4—8,北京和上海的PIR分别为10.3和8.4。[25]周仁等采用剩余收入法和供需不匹配指标对2000—2010年上海住房市场实证发现,房价上涨使住房可支付恶化,住宅户型结构不合理是住房可支付恶化主因。[26]况伟大基于恩格尔系数构建动态住房可支付指数,并使用中国35个大中城市数据进行实证检验。[27]Bolotnyy对1996—2002年美国房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)住房抵押贷款购买数据实证发现,居者有其屋政策(Affordable Housing Goals)使国有信贷机构(GSE)对高风险借款人发放更多贷款。[28]但是,Ghent et al.对2004—2006年美国加利福尼亚州和佛罗里达州次级贷款数据实证发现,尽管GSE购买更多次级债证券,但居者有其屋政策未使放款机构发放更多次级贷款。[29]Anenberg and Kung对2014年美国社区调查数据(American Community Survey data)实证发现,新增住房供给不能降低房租,也不能提升住房可支付。[30]Zhang et al.对2002—2009年中国城市家庭调查数据(CUHS)实证发现,收入不平等提高房价收入比和住房空置率。[31]Li et al.对2016年10月上海链家网上房屋房租报价数据实证发现,基础设施和工作机会空间分布不平等恶化弱势群体住房房租可支付性。[32]
综上,住房支付问题主要为“买(租)不起房问题”(Housing Affordability Problem),而非“买(租)不到房问题”(Housing Accessibility Problem)。实际上,为了公共利益,城市人口密度控制和建筑高度限制(density controls and height restrictions)[33]以及城市边界规划(urban growth boundaries)和最大开发限制(maximum permit limits)[34]导致住房供给缺乏弹性。另外,住房可支付影响居民空间选址(sort across locations),住房供给短缺会使居民流入住房可支付地区,但就业机会和公共服务差异会使居民流向高就业机会和公共服务地区,产生住房可支付问题。[35]因此,住房管制以及居民选址必然导致供给缺乏弹性。换言之,住房可支付问题是住房需求问题而非住房供给问题。质量指标、供给量指标和住房可支付不匹配指标从供给角度间接测度住房可支付性,收入指标和居住贫困指标直接测度住房可支付性。尽管收入指标和居住贫困指标能较好反映住房可支付性,但收入指标缺乏理论基础,且为静态指标,居住贫困指标无法准确划分基本消费品种类和数量。据此,本书贡献在于,基于马斯洛需求层次构建住房可支付指数,不仅动态界定收入指标理论边界值,克服收入指标缺乏理论基础和固定不变弊端,而且解决居住贫困指标无法确定基本消费品种类和数量问题。基于此,本书余下部分如下:第二部分基于马斯洛需求层次确定住房可支付理论边界值并构建住房可支付指数,第三部分构建和编制中国35个大中城市房租可支付指数及其时空分布,第四部分构建和编制中国35个大中城市房价可支付指数及其时空分布,第五部分构建和编制中国35个大中城市住房可支付指数联合分布。
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