玺印的衍变
一、战国古玺
春秋战国,周室式微,列强纷争,封建割据,各地政治、经济、文化、民俗迥异。就在玺印应用进入成熟的同时,由于各国地域相异、文字书风不同,玺印又是以文字为创作对象的,所以各国玺印的字形章法印风形成了丰富多变而各不相同的艺术风格。
考古发现,早在战国之前就有与医药有关玺印了。清代金石考古学家吴大澂最先在《说文古籀补》中提出:“古玺文,人名多‘疒’旁字,疑医者所用之玺。如瘍医名‘瘍’、癰医名‘癰’,各从其所长也。”
古玺大多呈原始状态,字形不加规整修饰,少有章法之虑,呈自然排列状态。如用朱色抑印在纸张上,则呈现红白虚实对比强烈、文字疏密参差不一的效果。元气淋漓、天真自然是古玺的鲜明特征。
战国玺印主要用封泥封缄公文、信札,另有烙马、印陶等诸多实用功能。考古曾发现,楚墓中的绢帛上已有朱红印蜕,说明古玺使用范围的广泛和使用方法的多样化。
战国古玺分为官玺、私玺、吉语玺和肖形玺等。
1.官玺
官玺是朝廷征信之物,是官员和官署行使权力的凭证,佩戴使用,史料多有记载,“诸凡丞相、郡守、县令等职官都由国君任命时发给玺印,免职时收回,制度非常严格”。(徐畅《先秦玺印图说》)
燕玺:

長平君伹室鉩

文安都司徒

黍□都左司馬

都丞
齐玺:

左征鉩

徙昷之鉩

安信鉩

埶關
楚玺:

上場行邑大夫鉩

邞菱鉩

陳之新都

計官之鉩
晋玺:

富昌韓君

春安君

陽城塚

右司馬
秦玺:

咸里竭

工師之印

王兵戎器

軍市
2.私玺
私玺是私人征信之物,主要是姓名玺印和私人封缄用的玺印。战国私玺中的阔边朱文小玺十分精美,后人多以为宗法。又据史学家陈直在《玺印木简中发现的古代医学史料》中指出,先秦私玺中还有大量战国医人的玺印,“上标明医人的姓,下标明医人所专治的病”。
燕玺:

長乘

良生叴

事疠

公孫生陽
齐玺:

陳齒

孟徒

秦冬

羊这
楚玺:

周陽

邾佗

計坪

佃佗
晋玺:

王癰

郾炅

事邦

文是梁
秦玺:

醫銜

醫從

馮士

司馬戎
3.吉语玺
先秦古人佩饰吉语玺以祈吉祥和明志向,所示内容从一个侧面反映了当时的社会民风和思想追求。
燕玺:

大吉

敬事

千秋
齐玺:

得志

冝官

出内大吉
楚玺:

呈志

士君子

敬
晋玺:

宜有千金

正行亡私

大吉昌内
秦玺:

日敬毋治

安身

壹心慎事
4.肖形玺
肖形玺印面以图形为内容,有鸟兽、龙凤、鬼神等多种,可能源于古代的族徽或图腾。印面大多为阴刻,被抑钤在泥封上则呈立体凸起的浮雕状图形,应该是作封缄用的。


战国肖形印